Full references

Multifeature/automated intraoperative ECochG analysis — direction of travel beyond single-amplitude alarms.

Cited in: Intraoperative ECochG

The authors' MRI-predominant, selective-HRCT protocol with the MRI fishbone and HRCT inside-out checklists — the organising philosophy of this chapter.

Dual-AAV DB-OTO (Regeneron CHORD trial); hair-cell-specific promoter; sustained hearing/speech gains in children.

Contemporary active middle-ear implant outcomes, including coupling sites.

Illustrates how anatomy and disease state steer device versus surgery decisions.

Durability of CI benefit in SSD and the importance of timing.

Evidence for binaural benefit of bilateral BCD/active devices in children.

Authoritative recent review of the interphase-gap effect on threshold and its meaning.

Array-type comparison of current spread by panoramic ECAP — direction-of-travel.

Cited in: ECAP threshold & functions, Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Recent systematic review of machine-learning methods across CI outcomes, including fitting and programming.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Multicentre prospective trial: remote (smartphone) CI programming non-inferior to in-person.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

WHO World Report on Hearing framing for global access in the CI field.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Perspective on equitable access to cochlear implantation — social-justice and access framing.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Clinical evaluation of the second Chinese domestic cochlear implant (Listent, from Fudan University's Eye & ENT Hospital lineage).

Cited in: The implant goes global

Modern collection on real-world/speech-in-noise outcome measurement and the move toward ecologically valid 'evaluative audiometry'.

Cited in: Tele-audiology & the future

Prospective evaluation of Shanghai-based LISTENT's LCI-20PI lateral-wall implant, one of China's domestically developed low-cost systems.

Cited in: The Wider World: Other Manufacturers and the Pioneers' Electrodes

SFE strategy (zero-crossing fine structure + envelope).

Cited in: The Frontier: Deep Learning, Closed Loops and Light

Candidate DOI 10.1007/s00405-024-08610-y is invalid (Crossref 404) and source (European Archives Oto-Rhino-Laryngology) was wrong. A paper with this exact title exists: Hajjij et al., BMC Surgery 2025;25(1):560 (DOI verified via Crossref). Candidate authors (Boudaba et al.) and year (2024) also wrong; corrected.

Speech-in-noise outcomes and ecologically valid assessment in CI.

Customized mapping strategies for off-target stimulation side effects (including FNS and non-auditory percepts); FNS reduced or eliminated in 5 of 5 subjects.

First-in-human feasibility study of the CIDEXEL (dexamethasone-eluting FLEX) system, 9 participants to 9 months. Good residual-hearing preservation and speech outcomes comparable to a non-eluting FLEX28. Trial evidence for module 4.

Prospective feasibility study, 10 adults unilaterally implanted with TICI Research System; invisible-hearing (IH) mode used 22-88% of listening time (median 49%); 2 device failures from a microphone hermeticity issue. Verify advance-publication locator before citing as final.

No significant difference in T/C levels between behavioural and self-adjusted RAF maps in experienced adults.

Anatomy-based fitting (electrode position from imaging, e.g. OTOPLAN) improved speech-in-noise by ~1-1.7 dB vs standard clinical fitting.

Combined cochleovestibular device with otolith stimulation; PTA improved 78 to ~34-36 dB HL; SOT 33% to 68%; residual balance gain after deactivation suggests adaptation.

Evidence that a CI, not just rerouting, benefits single-sided deafness.

Defines the retrocochlear boundary where the CI gives way to the brainstem implant.

Contemporary Osia piezo outcomes including MRI and complication profile.

Surgical and audiological results for the active osseointegrated steady-state (Osia) system.

Real-world outcomes of bone-conduction implants in the classic discharging-ear indication.

Recent work on input-range/mapping choices for soft-speech audibility.

Reviews CI-versus-ABI decision-making in cochlear nerve deficiency, supporting the CI-first principle.

Reviews telecare, datalogging and remote programming and their outcomes/feasibility.

Manufacturer information on the Neubio BOLD, a Swiss-designed, made-in-India cochlear implant with an electronic-free internal component.

Cited in: The implant goes global

Candidate journal was wrong: 'Audiology and Neurotology, 29(1):16-30' is incorrect; verified record is Trends in Hearing vol 28, article 23312165231224643.

Web page confirmed live; title corrected to use ampersand as published. Working URL found and supplied (original gave only the bare domain).

DOI is valid and resolves to a paper with this exact title, but candidate authors (Zeman et al.) and article number (40) were wrong. Real record: Wang Q et al., Communications Medicine 2024;4(1):274, PMID 39702461. Corrected authors, source/article number.

Review of insertion-speed/force rationale for robotic insertion.

Generally good auditory outcomes in Usher syndrome.

Systematic review confirming the non-tumour ABI outcome advantage.

Argument for slow, constant insertion speed to reduce force spikes and intracochlear trauma. Supports the speed-vs-force widget.

Modern parylene thin-film electrode array with finite-element and tribological characterization, illustrating flexible polymer micro-fabricated arrays for module 5.

Real-world Remote Check (smartphone app) reproduced in-clinic outcomes and reduced clinic burden.

First-in-human OTOF gene therapy; hearing recovered in 5 of 6 children with DFNB9.

Bilateral AAV1-hOTOF restored hearing and improved sound localization; no serious adverse events.

Most recent Moser-group review. Current spread is the bottleneck limiting frequency channels; outlines remaining challenges to clinical translation.

Author's own work; prognosis-oriented diagnostic algorithm integrating hearing status and imaging. Stepwise eight-question decision flow predicting treatment, surgical difficulty and prognosis, with gusher likelihoods and CI-vs-ABI verdicts by malformation type.

Robotic insertion system delivering slow, low-force insertion with simultaneous ECochG feedback.

SR/meta-analysis of long-term CI effect on tinnitus; durable reduction; quantifies pooled new-onset tinnitus incidence. Verified PubMed.

Maps modern indications including atresia and failed middle-ear surgery.

Underpins the active-transducer and skin-crossing distinctions.

Stenfelt's contemporary work on binaural bone conduction and cross-skull transmission.

Explains how intracranial contents shape head vibration and transcranial behaviour.

Piezoelectric (Osia) outcome series supporting high output and MRI compatibility.

Candidacy framework spanning conventional, SSD and asymmetric indications.

Outcome synthesis for a newer active transcutaneous implant.

Shows how focusing versus broadening current alters thresholds and spread.

Contemporary status of paediatric ABI, the culmination of the European turn.

Synthesises how Deaf role models shift parental attitudes and balance audiological approaches.

Qualitative spectrum of identity outcomes in late-deafened adult implant users.

Direct evidence that reverberation degrades CI speech perception in noise.

Shows remote microphones improve speech-in-noise even for typical-hearing listeners, underlining the SNR principle.

Overview of Auracast deployment and one-to-many broadcast for hearing devices.

Consumer-facing overview of ALS, alerting devices and accommodations.

Summarises the spectrum of captioning options and when each fits.

Official definition of CART as live human near-verbatim captioning.

Explains Auracast as a future ALS option and the loop-plus-Auracast transition strategy.

RNN and transformer denoising improve CI intelligibility in multi-talker noise.

Stimulation-parameter and coupling changes to manage facial-nerve stimulation.

Cited in: Objective measures → the MAP

Current reduction and electrode deactivation for facial-nerve stimulation.

Cited in: Objective measures → the MAP

Music/coding optimization.

Cited in: The Frontier: Deep Learning, Closed Loops and Light

End-to-end deep-learning sound-coding strategy.

Cited in: The Frontier: Deep Learning, Closed Loops and Light

Diffusion-model speech enhancement.

PMID confirmed; candidate issue/pages were wrong (was 44(8) e547-e554; actual 44(7) 627-635). Full author list added. Corrected.

Facial-nerve stimulation in otosclerotic ears and its management.

Hearing intervention slowed cognitive decline ~48% in higher-risk older adults.

Benefit and function-based outcomes in children with additional disabilities.

Systematic review of risk factors (otosclerosis, malformation, near-modiolus/basal electrodes, lateral-wall arrays) and the management ladder (current/pulse-width/rate reduction, electrode deactivation, mode change, triphasic/anodic pulses, last-resort revision).

First-in-human iotaSOFT trial (iotaMotion). 20/21 (95.2%) successful lateral-wall insertions; compatible with all three manufacturers' FDA-approved arrays. Selectable speed 0.1-1.0 mm/s.

Systematic review of music rehabilitation; perception gains are real but modest, with appraisal/enjoyment often improving more than measured perception.

Residual inhibition (tinnitus suppression persisting after device removal) present in ~80% of recipients at 3 months vs 8.8% pre-implant; argues for implant-induced central neuroplasticity, not mere masking.

Meta-analysis of CI in SSD: significant tinnitus reduction (SMD -1.32, 95% CI -1.85 to -0.80), plus speech, localisation, QoL gains. Verified PubMed.

Pivotal multicentre safety and audiological data for the thinner active BCI602.

Surgical technique for the screw-based Osia active transcutaneous implant.

Illustrates rerouting strategies and their limits in asymmetric loss.

Paediatric and adult transcutaneous implant outcomes and considerations.

Focused-mode thresholds and channel interaction in clinical strategies.

Long-term electrophysiologic and clinical follow-up after ABI surgery.

Larger sign vocabulary positively associated with larger spoken vocabulary in bilingual children.

RCT: intraoperative ECochG-triggered intervention preserves residual hearing (the ≥30%-drop alarm protocol).

Cited in: Intraoperative ECochG, Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Concise review of the barriers (implantable microphone, power) to fully implantable CIs.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Reports the Korean TODOC 'Sullivan', described as the first 32-channel cochlear implant, launched in Korea in 2021 with an automated low-cost electrode-manufacturing approach.

Cited in: The implant goes global

The dedicated reference text for cochlear-implant radiology — CT/MRI technique, temporal-bone anatomy, malformations, the cochlear nerve, ossification, intra-/post-operative imaging, and a structured reporting checklist.

Cited in: Materials, Reliability and MRI, The Cochlear Implant of the Future and Choosing a Device

High-speed flat-detector CT cuts scan time to beat motion artefact for post-operative electrode-position control, trading dose against image quality (7/9/14 s protocols).

Edited volume on emerging cochlear-implant technology and future device directions.

Cited in: The Cochlear Implant of the Future and Choosing a Device

One-million-user milestone; CI prevalence.

15-20% short-term / 2% permanent vestibular-loss figures; intracochlear-pressure-transient mechanism; soft-surgery levers.

Cited in: How Implant Surgery Injures the Labyrinth, Choosing the Ear: Vestibular Risk and Bilateral Implants, Atraumatic Surgery: Preserving Hearing and Balance Together

Genuine textbook edited by Dr. Sandra DeSaSouza (Padma Shri awardee). Print ISBN 978-981-19-0451-6 confirmed on Springer; eBook DOI 10.1007/978-981-19-0452-3. Source corrected from 'Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, Berlin Heidelberg' to Springer Nature Singapore. Note: same work as the 'desouza2022' candidate.

Candidate metadata was wrong: year was 2021 (correct 2022), journal was 'Ear & Hearing' (correct Otology & Neurotology), authors and pages corrected to the verified record.

PMID 35407482 and DOI 10.3390/jcm11071874 confirmed via Europe PMC and point to this exact paper. CORRECTED AUTHORS: candidate listed 'Alkhiary AA, Elfar H, Gumaa R, et al.' but the real authors are Lahlou G, Daoudi H, Ferrary E, Jia H, De Bergh M, Nguyen Y, Sterkers O, Mosnier I. Title, journal, year, volume, issue, page confirmed.

Original candidate (Damen GW et al., Laryngoscope 131(9):E2362-E2370, DOI 10.1002/lary.29386) was WRONG on every field: that DOI points to an unrelated head-and-neck-surgery paper (Harris et al.). The exact title matches THIS paper by Rasmussen et al. in J Clin Med 2022, PMID 35456353 / DOI 10.3390/jcm11082257. Authors, year, journal, volume, and pages all corrected.

Review chapter on image-guided and robotic cochlear-implant surgery.

Processing speed as the strongest cognitive predictor of speech understanding at one year in older adults.

ACIA SSD/AHL guideline: goals, candidacy and outcomes.

CHARGE temporal-bone anomalies and variable CI outcomes.

85 children, median interval 8 yr; bilateral gains in speech in quiet (96% vs 91%) and noise (65% vs 54%) even after long delay; interval not significantly tied to performance in this older second-ear cohort.

Transimpedance/electrical-field telemetry detects tip fold-over, an objective adjunct to radiography.

ESD can corrupt processor maps/damage components and cause facial nerve stimulation; precautions warranted.

Perspective by a leading CI scientist: one million implants worldwide, ~70-80% sentence recognition in quiet but performance plateaued since the 1990s; broad electrical spread and the electrode-neuron interface as the limiting bottleneck. Anchors the frontier/unmet-needs module.

HEARO procedure, Antwerp/Brussels. 22/25 procedures completed robotically; OTOPLAN trajectory planning; intraoperative cone-beam CT mean error 0.182 mm to target, 0.117 mm to facial nerve. Status: investigational/regulated.

Reviews robotic insertion (fewer translocations), dexamethasone drug-eluting electrodes (better residual-hearing preservation), and gene/stem-cell therapy as future directions.

Distinct from existing kayrivest2022 (CHARGE). TIM off-diagonal / reversed signature predicts tip fold-over; defines the abnormal heat-map pattern.

Database analysis: tinnitus prevalence fell 55.8%->44.3%; new-onset (induction) ~9.2% of those with paired data; substantial worsening ~1.3%. Verified PubMed/PMC.

Contemporary refinement of percutaneous abutment placement and soft-tissue management.

Documents the conversion-to-cochlear-implant pathway when SNHL outgrows the device.

Head-to-head meta-analysis showing active devices favour high-frequency gain.

Active transcutaneous device results spanning children and adults.

Indication framework anchoring where future devices fit the continuum.

Expert consensus on indications and device selection in conductive/mixed loss.

Shows how rate and current interact perceptually, relevant to loudness and level control.

Makes strength-duration and mode-dependent thresholds a window onto neural health.

Mechanistic evidence on DCN versus VCN stimulation underlying paddle limitations.

Paediatric ABI experience and counselling in a resource-varied setting.

Frames the core ethical imperative as preventing language deprivation, device or not.

Applies the zone-of-parental-discretion framework directly to CI decisions.

Demonstrates that only a small fraction of eligible adults are implanted.

Demonstrates partner/remote-microphone accessory benefit for CI users in group settings.

Official source defining LE Audio, LC3 codec efficiency and Auracast broadcast audio.

Functional staging that frames realistic, individualised outcome expectations.

Panoramic ECAP — patient-specific current spread and neural-health estimation.

Cited in: ECAP threshold & functions, Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Global burden of hearing loss: >1.5 billion affected, 430 million disabling, 2.5 billion projected by 2050.

Cited in: Overview — the hearing pathway, Overview — counting hearing loss, Measuring the burden — grades, prevalence & DALYs, The global picture & projections to 2050, The cost — economic, educational & cognitive, Prevention & the cochlear-implant access gap

1.57 billion people lived with hearing loss in 2019 (1 in 5); hearing loss is the third-largest cause of years lived with disability worldwide.

Cited in: Overview — counting hearing loss, Measuring the burden — grades, prevalence & DALYs, The global picture & projections to 2050

Modern evidence that adults outside traditional criteria benefit from implantation, supporting the continued expansion of candidacy.

Cited in: How the criteria evolved, The expanding indications

Laser-patterned 32-channel array from Korea's TODOC (the SULLIVAN system) — more physical contacts than any commercial device, aimed at a lower price point.

Cited in: The Wider World: Other Manufacturers and the Pioneers' Electrodes

Combined current focusing + steering strategy.

Cited in: The Frontier: Deep Learning, Closed Loops and Light

DOI confirmed via Crossref and Europe PMC. CANDIDATE METADATA CORRECTED: original title ('Global Hearing Loss Burden...') and authors (Tucci DL, Merson MH, Wilson BS) did not match the live record. The paper is authored as 'GBD 2019 Hearing Loss Collaborators' (first listed author Lydia M. Haile); Tucci/Merson/Wilson are not in the cited byline. Year corrected 2020 -> 2021.

Paper is real but candidate metadata was largely wrong. Candidate DOI 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002548 points to an unrelated paper ('Diagnosis of Cochlear Implant Infection With Gallium SPECT'). Candidate PMID 32132449 points to an unrelated pediatric-orthopedics scoliosis paper. CORRECTED via PMC8316998: real DOI 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002873, PMID 33229876, year 2021 (not 2020), Vol 42 Issue 2 pp e130-e136, authors McRackan TR, Reddy P, Costello MS, Dubno JR (candidate's 'Hand BN, Velozo CA, et al.' was wrong). Title confirmed.

Title/journal/volume/year/DOI confirmed via Crossref and Europe PMC (PMID 34456848). CANDIDATE AUTHORS WERE WRONG: real authors are Rasmussen KMB, West N, Tian L, Cayé-Thomasen P (not Chandra/Singh/Mertes). Authors corrected.

Contemporary revision rates, indications and outcomes.

First clinical report of RobOtol-assisted insertion.

Insertion tool for image-guided minimally invasive (percutaneous) cochlear implantation.

Safety review supporting infant cochlear implantation.

Complication rates in infants comparable to older children.

Favourable CI outcomes in Pendred/EVA despite incomplete partition.

Clinical demonstration that linking/synchronizing AGC across the two processors restores ILD and improves localization. Anchors module 13 (research on synchronized processors) and module 15 (binaural future).

Meta-analysis: perimodiolar precurved arrays translocate from scala tympani more often than lateral-wall straight arrays.

RobOtol group: high-frequency perception and speech outcomes after robot-assisted vs manual insertion. Supports atraumaticity-to-outcome link.

Early-phase trial of a Notch/Wnt small-molecule (FX-322) intended to regenerate hair cells; later phase 2 studies did not meet endpoints.

Maps genes to malformation phenotypes: SLC26A4-EVA/IP-II, POU3F4-IP-III, FGF3-LAMM/labyrinthine aplasia, CHD7-CHARGE, EYA1/SIX1-BOR, SOX10-Waardenburg/PCWH. Spine of the gene-to-shape module.

Bimodal music perception improves with increasing acoustic bandwidth; wideband contralateral amplification is most beneficial for music quality.

Intraoperative TIM detects malposition before wound closure, reducing radiation exposure relative to radiography.

RCT of high-dose systemic steroid for hearing preservation; nuance on pharmacological protection at surgery.

French national multicenter study + RCT comparing CI vs CROS/BCD/abstention in SSD/AHL; CI superior for QoL and tinnitus; CROS/BCD do not treat tinnitus. Verified PubMed.

Pivotal 8-patient Johns Hopkins trial: chronic continuous motion-modulated stimulation improved posture, gait and quality of life.

Concise overview of bone-conduction device classes and their indications, anchoring the spectrum view.

Paediatric outcomes and complication/revision rates for an active transcutaneous implant.

Pooled evidence that cochlear implantation outperforms bone-conduction rerouting in SSD.

Informs the single-sided-deafness fork between routing devices and CI.

Softband BCD outcomes and auditory development in young microtia/atresia children.

Evidence that implantation generally benefits adult autonomy, participation and work.

Separates and combines the contributions of noise reduction and directionality in adults.

Shows automatic directionality approaches the benefit of correctly hand-selected directional programs.

Evidence on automatic scene classification, the springboard for smarter future scene analysis.

Authoritative clinical review of adult cochlear implantation for general context.

Cited in: Overview & rationale

Electrode impedances predict behavioural T/C levels — a foundation for data-driven, objective fitting.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Systematic review of ECochG (including post-implant) in residual-hearing CI users.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Authoritative translational review of optical/optogenetic cochlear implants.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Comprehensive reference text; Chapter 18 covers objective measures in depth.

Cited in: The test battery & cross-check, Pure-tone audiometry & calibration, Masking — isolating the test ear, Bone conduction & the air–bone gap, Speech audiometry & rollover, Tympanometry & immittance, Otoacoustic emissions, Real-ear measurement & verification, Loudness, tinnitus & non-organic loss, Putting the battery together, Anatomy of a Cochlear Implant System, From Sound to Nerve: The End-to-End Signal Path, The Transcutaneous Link and Telemetry, The Nucleus Family Tree: From CI22 to CI600, Choosing a Nucleus Array: Perimodiolar vs Lateral Wall, Advanced Bionics: 16 Current Sources and Current Steering, The HiFocus Array Family and Naida Processors, The Electrode Array as a Frequency Ruler, Dynamic Range and Electrode-to-Neuron Distance, Electric-Acoustic Stimulation and Hearing Preservation, Impedance & electrode interface, ECAP / Neural Response Telemetry, ECAP threshold & functions, Electrical stapedius reflex, Electrically-evoked ABR, Electrical cortical responses, Objective measures → the MAP, Troubleshooting & special cases

Mid-life hearing loss is the single largest potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia (~8% of population-attributable risk).

Cited in: Overview — counting hearing loss, The cost — economic, educational & cognitive

News report on the DRDO/SBMT effort to realise A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's vision of an affordable (~₹1 lakh) indigenous 'bionic ear', after the Kalam–Raju stent; detailed, verified device information and outcomes remain limited.

Cited in: The implant goes global

Device approvals set indications that guide clinicians; they are not mandates, so evidence-based off-label implantation is legal — but reimbursement rules then bind. Labels differ by manufacturer and change over time; figures in the text are illustrative and should be checked against current device IFUs.

Defines ecological validity in hearing testing and motivates spatially-separated, fluctuating, real-world test scenarios over quiet/steady-noise tasks.

Cited in: Speech-in-noise & valid testing, Tele-audiology & the future

Cadaveric comparison: lower, less-variable insertion forces with robotic assistance.

Excellent CI outcomes in presynaptic OTOF-related auditory neuropathy.

FDA lowered the minimum CI age to 9 months.

Meta-analysis of 37 studies / 5694 patients; overall aberrant FNS rate 5.6% (range 0.68-43%); lateral-wall arrays OR 3.92 vs perimodiolar; otosclerosis OR 13.73 (rate ~26%); malformations highest at 28%; reprogramming +/- deactivation usually successful, only 4 explants.

Spread-of-excitation / field telemetry identifies fold-over intraoperatively before closure, reducing radiation.

Remote mapping yielded hearing outcomes comparable to in-person programming.

Review: AAV-delivered BDNF/NT-3 improves SGN survival and the neural substrate for an implant.

Key review. Optogenetic stimulation 1.74-fold more spatially confined than monopolar electrical; up to 2.04-fold vs bipolar. AAV gene therapy to render SGNs light-sensitive.

Microfabricated multichannel micro-LED array (up to 144 addressable uLEDs of 60x60 um); demonstrated channel-distinct activation in rodents.

A >=30% reduction in ECochG amplitude during insertion predicted poorer hearing preservation at 3 and 12 months, especially 250-1000 Hz.

Candidacy criteria for vestibular implantation: disabling bilateral vestibulopathy with objective vHIT/caloric/rotatory-chair deficits.

Direct measurement of how bone stimulation reaches both cochleae and the cross-skull loss.

Pediatric head-to-head showing the gain-versus-complications trade-off of Attract.

Longer-term active transcutaneous bone-conduction outcome data.

Reviews totally implantable devices and the convergence with cochlear implants.

Modern synthesis of how electric loudness is modelled and integrated, central to setting levels.

Summarises evolving indications across NF2 and non-tumour adults.

Worked example of using eABR peak counts to steer paddle position intraoperatively.

Illustrates combining CI and ABI while still preferring the nerve where present.

Recent philosophical analysis weighing autonomy against the open-future objection.

Shows microphone configuration and source location together shift effective SNR by several dB.

Confirms microphone location (canal-entrance vs behind-the-ear) significantly affects speech recognition.

Links beamforming to reduced listening effort, not just word scores.

Shows recipients prefer adaptive directional plus noise reduction in real noisy scenes but not in quiet.

Primary text grounding for telecoil/induction-loop physics and HAT delivery routes for CI recipients.

Evidence that smartphone apps support remote clinician communication and outcomes.

Intracochlear ECochG response patterns and trauma during insertion.

Cited in: Intraoperative ECochG

A fully objective eASSR-based threshold-estimation method — relevant to automated fitting.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

≈50% of childhood hearing loss is genetic; ~70% non-syndromic / ~30% syndromic.

Cited in: Overview — the hearing pathway

Screen-detected permanent childhood hearing loss ≈1.1 per 1,000.

Cited in: Overview — the hearing pathway

Current clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of sudden sensorineural hearing loss — the otologic emergency among the causes.

Cited in: Sudden & autoimmune hearing loss

Multicentre outcomes for the Oticon Medical (Neurelec) Neuro Zti, the 20-electrode lateral-wall system whose cochlear-implant business was divested to Cochlear in 2024.

Cited in: The Wider World: Other Manufacturers and the Pioneers' Electrodes

The candidate TITLE matches a real paper (PMID 30059365), but the candidate's AUTHORS (Loy, Warner-Czyz, Tong, Tobey, Birkun), YEAR (2018), and locator (39(2):127-140) were all WRONG/fabricated. The actual paper is by Hoffman MF, Cejas I, Quittner AL, Ear & Hearing 2019, 40(3):592-604. Re-keyed to hoffman2019 and metadata corrected to the verified record.

Chapter 18 reference (mcrackan2019).

Validates a selective imaging paradigm (MRI first, CT only when indicated) before paediatric cochlear implantation.

Candidate DOI 10.1159/000498699 is invalid (Crossref 404) and source (Audiology and Neurotology) was wrong. The real paper with this title is Gautschi-Mills et al., Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2019;85(3):310-318 (PMID 29631897, DOI verified). Candidate authors (Williams/Prasad/Hoa) were wrong; corrected.

Candidate gave no identifier and a generic corporate-author/title. Found the actual peer-reviewed guideline (American Academy of Audiology task force): Messersmith, Entwisle, Warren & Scott, J Am Acad Audiol 2019. Confirmed via EuropePMC (DOI 10.3766/jaaa.19088, PMID 31823835).

First-in-human image-guided robotic facial-recess drilling (HEARO).

Modern CI-specific patient-reported outcome instrument.

First U.S. regulatory approval of CI for SSD/AHL.

Manufacturer-coordinated bimodal fitting formula (Adaptive Phonak/APD-type) aligning HA loudness growth and AGC to the CI.

Independent (unlinked) AGC in each processor distorts ILD, the one binaural cue CI users can use; quantifies the localization error introduced. Anchors module 13.

Retrospective case review of 15 CI patients with FNS; triphasic pulse stimulation significantly reduced unintended FNS while preserving speech performance; QoL improved in most.

Practical modified-Stenvers portable radiograph protocol for intraoperative confirmation.

Bern first-in-man robotic CI: nine patients, robotically drilled keyhole tunnel to the round window, intraoperative imaging to confirm distance to facial nerve; all successfully implanted.

The SMS (size–modiolus–septum / sieve) classification — grades the cochleovestibular malformation on the morphology of the cochlea, modiolus and lamina cribrosa to guide surgical decision making.

OPAL strategy enhances F0 pitch cues for music, voice pitch and lexical tone; fine-structure / pitch-oriented coding.

Pitch-ranking accuracy predicts sustained music-lesson participation, but family musical involvement has an even greater impact on sustained engagement.

Simulation study: melody recognition acoustic 73.5%, electric-acoustic 67.9%, electric-alone 39.2%; low-frequency acoustic hearing drives the hybrid melody advantage.

Online home-based music training improved pitch discrimination and instrument identification; control audiobook arm also improved pitch.

NRT/ECAP thresholds significantly predict behavioural T and C levels in prelingual children; supports using the intraoperative ECAP profile as a starting MAP.

Prospective (n=44, 66% with preop tinnitus). CI reduced tinnitus/handicap in >=28%; persisted in 72%; no new-onset in this cohort; negative effects linked to low preop tinnitus/handicap. Verified PubMed.

Chronic 24/7 motion-modulated stimulation over 350-812 days produced stable VOR aligned with head-rotation axis; demonstrated long-term feasibility.

Surgical technique and audiological results for the passive magnet Baha Attract.

Review of fully implantable active middle-ear implant designs, microphone and battery issues.

Pooled functional gain and speech outcomes for active transcutaneous BCDs.

Quantifies how dynamic-range AGC affects speech in a masker, the core clinical trade-off.

Modelling work illustrating how channel interaction degrades the information available for speech learning.

Reviews the historical arc and the modern state of the device.

Concise overview of indications and how the ABI complements the CI.

Shows how public insurance coverage changes who gets implanted.

Highlights how real conversation depends on context that the booth omits.

Real-world-style noise showing configuration-dependent benefit and limits.

Evaluates an automatic spatial-noise directional feature in separated and fluctuating noise.

Item bank spanning communication and social domains relevant to repair and self-advocacy.

Pairs deep speaker separation with attention decoding for a cognitively controlled hearing device.

Design and clinical introduction of the Nurotron Venus array — context for the broader, more equitable manufacturer landscape.

Cited in: The implant goes global, The Wider World: Other Manufacturers and the Pioneers' Electrodes, Manufacturer systems compared

ESRT as an objective anchor for the comfortable / upper-stimulation level in programming.

Cited in: Objective measures → the MAP

India's national deafness-control programme: prevention, early identification, manpower training and service delivery through the public health system.

Cited in: Newborn & infant hearing screening, Prevention & the cochlear-implant access gap

Account of China's first domestically developed cochlear implant (Nurotron Venus), its electrode array, and the academic–industry collaboration behind it.

Cited in: The implant goes global, The Wider World: Other Manufacturers and the Pioneers' Electrodes, Manufacturer systems compared

Design and clinical introduction of China's Nurotron Venus 24-electrode lateral-wall array — a lower-cost device for low- and middle-income settings.

Cited in: The implant goes global, The Wider World: Other Manufacturers and the Pioneers' Electrodes, Manufacturer systems compared

Overall vertigo 9.3%, new-onset 17.4%, persisting 7.2%; cochleostomy worse than round window; rises with age.

Cited in: Falls and the Older Recipient

Cadaveric pressure transients up to ~169 dB SPL peak, higher in lateral SCC than cochlea, at acoustic-trauma levels.

Cited in: How Implant Surgery Injures the Labyrinth

PMID confirmed but candidate metadata was wrong: authors are Jin L et al. (NOT Peng/Abdo/Rivas) and pages are article 56 (NOT 76). Corrected.

Title/journal/volume/issue/year confirmed via Europe PMC (PMID 29577849). CANDIDATE AUTHOR WAS WRONG: real first author is Pires JS (not Oliveira CA). Authors corrected.

Genuine textbook (single author Jace Wolfe). Confirmed via Plural Publishing/Amazon/Hearing Review. Corrected: candidate ISBN 978-1-59756-729-5 was WRONG (correct print ISBN 978-1-59756-892-0); candidate year 2020 was WRONG (1st edition published December 2018); 'et al.' removed (single author).

Barriers and ethics of CI access in low-resource settings.

Maps spatial release from masking as a function of target/distracter separation in 12 bilateral CI adults; SRM driven by head-shadow geometry.

Intraoperative conebeam CT reliably detects misplacement/fold-over and measures insertion depth, enabling immediate revision before closure.

Paediatric revision; low surgical complication rate and excellent post-reimplantation audiological performance; device failure leading cause.

Diametric (self-aligning) bipolar magnets and screw fixation reduce pain and dislocation risk during 1.5T MRI.

Technical review of transduction mechanisms/locations; subcutaneous mics damped by tissue and corrupted by body noise; MEMS accelerometers coupled to the ossicular chain proposed as the future (target <30 dB SPL equivalent input noise, 100 Hz-8 kHz).

Noise classifier plus deep denoising autoencoder; improved speech intelligibility for Mandarin-speaking CI users across noise types.

Göttingen/Moser. Deafened adult gerbils, optical fiber light delivery restored auditory-driven behavior. Landmark proof-of-concept.

f-Chrimson / vf-Chrimson fast red-shifted opsins driving SGN firing at several hundred Hz; red light scatters less, lower phototoxicity.

Review; perception-enjoyment disconnect; re-engineering/simplifying music can enhance enjoyment even when perception is poor.

ESRT correlates strongly with behavioural maximum comfort (C/M) levels and anchors upper stimulation levels.

Intraoperative cone-beam CT (O-arm) reliably identifies misplacement/fold-over and quantifies insertion depth angle on the table.

Pediatric transcutaneous magnet implant experience and skin-interface considerations.

Psychophysical scaling of electric percepts including loudness dimension.

US programme detailing paediatric surgical and outcome experience.

Communication trajectories that anchor realistic counselling.

Programming and rehabilitation realities in implanted children.

Shows income gaps narrowing while racial disparities persist over time.

Documents the real-world profile of CI candidates and the role of in-noise testing.

Spectral-resolution limits that compound with reverberant smearing.

Demonstrates clinically that microphone choice changes speech-in-noise performance, including in children.

Quantifies fixed (~4 dB) and adaptive (~6 dB) beamformer SRT gains over omnidirectional on a modern processor.

Shows noise-reduction benefit is enhanced when combined with other parameter adjustments.

Comprehensive modern review of the ECAP — recording, measures, and clinical use.

Cited in: Overview & rationale, ECAP / Neural Response Telemetry, ECAP threshold & functions

Practical optimisation of ESRT measurement technique.

Cited in: Stimulation Modes: From Monopolar to Tripolar, Dynamic Range and Electrode-to-Neuron Distance, Electrical stapedius reflex, Objective measures → the MAP

Real-time intracochlear ECochG directly through the implant.

Cited in: Intraoperative ECochG

Optimal acoustic–electric crossover/cutoff frequency in EAS recipients.

Cited in: Intraoperative ECochG

Systematic review: hypoplasia outperforms aplasia for speech development after CI.

Cited in: Troubleshooting & special cases

Review of the growth of cochlear implantation in China, including the domestic manufacturers (Nurotron, Listent) and the national programmes that drove access.

Cited in: The implant goes global

Evidence supporting a revised, more inclusive adult candidacy indication using monosyllabic word recognition — part of the steady expansion of who qualifies.

Cited in: How the criteria evolved, Regulation & reimbursement

Slim Modiolar (CI532) — insertion technique and a high rate of scala-tympani positioning.

Cited in: Choosing a Nucleus Array: Perimodiolar vs Lateral Wall, The MED-EL Philosophy: Long, Flexible, Lateral-Wall

c-tone algorithm later integrated in Nurotron APS.

Cited in: The Present Commercial Landscape: Four Makers, Five Philosophies

GAN-based speech enhancement for future AI coding.

Cited in: The Frontier: Deep Learning, Closed Loops and Light

cVEMP/otolith abnormality up to 44% after CI.

Cited in: How Implant Surgery Injures the Labyrinth

Validation of the LittlEARS functional-listening questionnaire in CI children.

Good speech outcomes in otosclerosis with elevated facial-nerve stimulation.

Second-ear performance and continued device use depend strongly on age at second implant and interimplant interval.

Second implant became cost-effective only after roughly a 5-10 year horizon; higher incremental cost per QALY than the first implant.

Reviewed 57 studies; first implant highly cost-effective, second implant incremental cost-utility weaker and region-dependent.

Bimodal aiding improves intelligibility, reduces listening effort and improves sound quality beyond intelligibility alone.

Tip fold-over incidence ~2% (6/303 ears); spread of excitation supported the diagnosis, electric-field imaging localized the fold; precurved arrays over-represented.

16 studies / 957 patients; subjective symptoms uncorrelated with objective tests; caloric least sensitive, cVEMP most often impaired, video head-impulse test usually preserved.

Identifies the two gaps limiting CI: the stimulating interface (few large electrodes -> broad activation, poor frequency resolution) and accessibility/cost (penetration ~20% in developed, <1% in developing countries). Frontier-problem framing.

Review of implantable microphone approaches; body/contact noise the key obstacle, ossicular-motion sensing proposed as a route around it.

Neural-network speech enhancement applied to CI signal path; significant intelligibility gains in babble in CI subjects, outperforming Wiener filtering.

1366 Nucleus 6 recipients; SCAN classifier categorizes input into six scenes (quiet, speech in quiet, speech in noise, noise, music, wind); data logging characterizes real-world listening for counseling/management.

The updated and most widely used inner-ear-malformation classification — refines incomplete partition I/II/III, adds rudimentary otocyst and cochlear-aperture/bony-cochlear-nerve-canal criteria, and ties each category to CI/ABI decision making, electrode choice and gusher risk.

Focus-group study, 30 adult CI users: music contributes to QoL via positive emotion, relaxation, reminiscence and reduced isolation.

RCT of preoperative systemic steroids; modest short-term hearing-preservation benefit.

Review of stimulation strategies, baseline rate, current spread and misalignment of the evoked eVOR.

Demonstrated that semicircular-canal electrode insertion need not acutely abolish cochlear function (ABR-monitored); proof-of-concept for hearing preservation.

Active middle-ear implant outcomes and limits of the evidence.

Links the rate/integration effect on threshold to neural health and detection slopes.

Links number of intraoperative eABR peaks to postoperative auditory percepts.

Argues observed harms attributed to sign may instead reflect underlying language deprivation.

Multisite cohort reporting better auditory and speech outcomes with little or no sustained sign exposure; the key contested finding.

Lays out the global unmet need and the case for expanding access including implants.

Characterises performance in realistic rooms where distance and reflections combine.

Documents large speech-in-noise gains from a single-side adaptive beamformer.

Paediatric SRT-in-noise gains from digital remote microphone technologies.

Shows added benefit when streaming/remote mic reaches both ears in bimodal users.

Patient-voiced functional domains that should anchor expectation-setting and counselling.

Intraoperative cochlear response telemetry predicting hearing preservation.

Cited in: Intraoperative ECochG

Mechanisms and measurement review for optogenetic cochlear stimulation.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

In clean scala-tympani placement, age at implantation was the main outcome predictor.

Cited in: Troubleshooting & special cases

Spoken-language outcomes much better in nerve hypoplasia than aplasia.

Cited in: Troubleshooting & special cases

The FUEL framework — listening effort and fatigue as outcome dimensions beyond recognition scores.

Cited in: Speech-in-noise & valid testing, Self-report & functional outcomes

FS4 vs HDCIS stimulation-rate effects.

Cited in: Chasing Fine Structure: FSP, FS4 and the Temporal-Pitch Ceiling

Independent US cohort (n=22); HDCIS vs FSP no significant difference on CNC, HINT, AzBio, BKB-SIN.

Stiff electrode -> more caloric reduction/dizziness.

Cited in: Choosing the Ear: Vestibular Risk and Bilateral Implants, Atraumatic Surgery: Preserving Hearing and Balance Together

Unilateral-CI vestibular outcomes; ear-selection context.

Cited in: Choosing the Ear: Vestibular Risk and Bilateral Implants

Candidate DOI 10.1155/2019/9395141 invalid (Crossref 404) and source (Neural Plasticity 2019) wrong. Real paper with this exact title: Qin F, Li W et al., Journal of Otology 2016;11(4):198-201 (PMID 29937830, DOI verified). Corrected authors, year, source, DOI.

Standard otologic-surgery reference for temporal-bone anatomy and technique.

Cautionary appraisal of totally transcanal endoscopic insertion.

~81% of children implanted before 12 months reached normal vocabulary development.

Continuing anticoagulation through CI surgery is reasonable in selected patients.

Multicenter RCT; bilateral simultaneous CI improved localization and speech-in-noise vs unilateral.

Frequency-dependent loudness balancing and AGC alignment between CI and hearing aid improve bimodal balance.

Reviews unexplained variability in adult CI outcomes; cognitive/linguistic as well as auditory contributors to poor performance.

Flat-panel/cone-beam CT resolves scalar position with less metal artifact and lower dose than MDCT.

Dose-response (1% and 10% w/w micronized dexamethasone in silicone array). Steroid-eluting arrays reduced hearing-threshold shift, hair-cell and neural-element loss, impedance rise and fibrosis/osteoneogenesis after traumatic implantation. Preclinical foundation for module 4.

Hannover group. Guinea-pig study directly linking peri-electrode fibrous-tissue growth to impedance rise, and showing both 1% and 10% dexamethasone-eluting arrays reduced fibrosis and impedance. Key mechanistic link for module 4.

Deactivating or focusing channels with poor interface (high focused thresholds) improved speech perception, supporting fewer-but-cleaner channels over raw channel count (module 6).

Demonstrates an intracochlear pressure sensor in human cadaveric temporal bones reproducing a usable input signal for a fully implantable CI; an alternative sensing site to subcutaneous mics and ossicular accelerometers.

CT review of 42 temporal bones in CHARGE syndrome documenting absent semicircular canals (77%), stenotic oval window (71%), and aberrant facial-nerve course (9-18%) crossing the round window or promontory; underpins the mandate for facial-nerve monitoring in malformed/CHARGE ears.

Dexamethasone-eluting array reduces fibrosis/impedance; cross-reference Emerging Tech drug-eluting arrays.

Pivotal US Nucleus Hybrid L24 EAS trial; basis for 2014 FDA approval.

Long-term (up to 10 yr) follow-up of CI for incapacitating ipsilateral tinnitus in unilateral hearing loss; durable tinnitus suppression. Verified PubMed.

Vestibular implant restores dynamic visual acuity (counters oscillopsia) in bilateral vestibular loss patients; Geneva-Maastricht group.

Real-world Baha Attract outcomes including magnet-related skin and MRI issues.

Longer surgical and functional experience highlighting microphone and reliability issues.

Demonstrates how pulse parameters trade against current at the neuron.

NF2 as the prototypical setting where the cochlear nerve is lost.

Articulates an ethical floor of guaranteed early language and the harm of failing to provide it.

Cross-country comparison of access policy and uptake even among wealthy nations.

Details per-band detection and attenuation of short, intense transient sounds.

Multi-talker network of three transmitters improved SRT by ~15 dB over no remote mic.

ABR/eABR in CI candidacy for children with auditory neuropathy / nerve deficiency.

Cited in: Electrically-evoked ABR

Recording ECochG through the implant for intraoperative insertion monitoring.

Cited in: Overview & rationale, Intraoperative ECochG

Intracochlear ECochG and hearing-preservation outcomes.

Cited in: Overview & rationale, Intraoperative ECochG

Modern review of cochlear-implant sound-coding strategies — CIS, n-of-m (ACE/SPEAK), fine-structure coding, and front-end pre-processing.

Cited in: The processor's signal path, Peak-picking — SPEAK & ACE, Fine structure & temporal coding

History of the University of Utah six-electrode percutaneous Ineraid/Symbion device — no internal electronics, direct electrode access that made it the great research workhorse of the field.

Cited in: The Wider World: Other Manufacturers and the Pioneers' Electrodes

Nurotron 26-electrode CI system (APS/Symphony).

Cited in: The Present Commercial Landscape: Four Makers, Five Philosophies

Children with reduced vestibular function 7.6x more likely to have device failure.

Cited in: The Child's Balance and Motor Development

Gross-motor dip 6-18 months, recovery by 24 months.

Cited in: The Child's Balance and Motor Development

cVEMP response rate 67.7% pre-op -> 32.0% post-op, with amplitude decrease.

Cited in: The Child's Balance and Motor Development

Quantifies the systematic place-pitch mismatch of default frequency tables.

Cognitive/communication benefits of auditory training beyond phoneme scores.

Cognitive screening scores improved after CI in elderly recipients.

Safe CI in JLNS with cardiac precautions.

Longitudinal simultaneous bilateral CI adults; SSQ/SHQ improve to ~1 year, largest gains in spatial domain and first 6 months.

Review of how bilateral CI users access (and fail to access) binaural cues; ITD sensitivity degrades as stimulation rate rises into the hundreds of pps, while ILD-based localization survives. Anchors module 13.

1.5T MRI feasible in most patients without magnet removal under controlled conditions; pain and artifact described.

Retrospective series of 645 cochlear implant recipients evaluating whether intraoperative facial-nerve EMG monitoring lowers postoperative facial weakness; facial-weakness incidence 0.73% with monitoring vs 0.54% without, all permanent-risk events clustered on right-sided cases by right-handed surgeons.

Intraoperative eABR (and ECAP) objectively confirm auditory pathway function in malformed cochleae and cochlear nerve deficiency.

Scala-tympani placement and shallower angular insertion associated with better residual hearing; scalar location verified on postoperative CT.

Systematic review; tinnitus improved in most CI recipients but evidence is low-level; complete suppression and occasional worsening both reported.

Prospective pre/post vHIT and VEMP; ~30% show a post-operative change in canal/otolith function; objective change correlates poorly with reported dizziness. Used for the around-surgery test battery.

Longitudinal human data on baseline-rate stimulation and rate modulation driving eye movements; University of Washington.

Geneva-Maastricht series; smooth controllable eye movements obtained in all patients; foundational chronic human VOR data.

QoL rationale for vestibular implantation; bilateral vestibular loss has no effective treatment and severely impairs quality of life.

Comprehensive review of bone-conduction device principles and indication ranges.

Design of the landmark RCT comparing CI, BCD and CROS for SSD.

Links neural survival to psychophysical functions that shape loudness growth and levels.

Quantifies multipulse temporal integration of threshold across rate.

Surgical exposure of the lateral recess and the neighbouring structures at risk.

Pooled paediatric non-tumour outcomes across the literature.

Lessons learned and the path to an improved next-generation midbrain array.

Shows even Deaf parents endorse combining an implant with sign language, illustrating convergence.

Authoritative review of the cocktail-party problem and the cues needed to solve it.

Direct evidence that a canal-entrance microphone outperforms the behind-the-ear position for frontal speech in noise.

Describes SNR-based single-channel noise reduction and its effect on noise tolerance versus intelligibility.

Multicentre evidence that automatic scene-driven processing improves speech in noise without harming quiet performance.

Demonstrates real-world noise benefit from integrated automatic algorithms.

Documents benefit of a wireless remote-mic audio-streaming accessory and informs counselling on uptake.

Objective and subjective evidence that loops and telecoils improve speech perception and sound quality.

Documents the telecoil orientation problem and a multi-axis solution for public loops.

Foundational demonstration that attended speech can be decoded from EEG, basis for cognitively controlled hearing.

Reference text linking objective measures to the programming workflow.

Cited in: Impedance & electrode interface, Intraoperative ECochG, Objective measures → the MAP, Troubleshooting & special cases, Manufacturer systems compared

Round-window ECochG before implantation and word-recognition outcomes.

Cited in: Intraoperative ECochG

Global survey of CI programming practice — context for the troubleshooting workflow.

Cited in: Objective measures → the MAP

State-funded cochlear implantation for children from low-income families — the principal route to an implant for most Indian families.

Cited in: Prevention & the cochlear-implant access gap

Reviews spiral-ganglion and cochlear-nucleus pathology after deafness (human SGN survival, the critical-period ablation distinction) and the restoration of endbulb-of-Held synapses by electrical stimulation in young deaf animals.

Cited in: The deaf brain — auditory deprivation, The implant as environmental input, Binaural plasticity & bilateral CIs

Reviews neuroplasticity relevant to cochlear-implant design and outcomes, including lifelong cortical plasticity and progressive post-implant improvement with use and training.

Cited in: Adult plasticity & rehabilitation

Source chapter synthesising the genetic basis of deafness, comprehensive genetic testing, and the impact of genotype on cochlear-implant performance.

Cited in: Overview — genes, deafness & the implant, The deafness-gene landscape, Genetic testing in the CI work-up, Genotype-specific CI outcomes, Counselling, recurrence & ethics

Systematic review establishing congenital cytomegalovirus as a leading non-genetic cause of childhood SNHL, often progressive and delayed-onset.

Cited in: Congenital CMV & in-utero infections

Standard multi-author reference covering device systems, electrode arrays and surgical technique.

Cited in: Anatomy of a Cochlear Implant System, The Transcutaneous Link and Telemetry, The Nucleus Family Tree: From CI22 to CI600, Choosing a Nucleus Array: Perimodiolar vs Lateral Wall, Advanced Bionics: 16 Current Sources and Current Steering, The HiFocus Array Family and Naida Processors, The MED-EL Philosophy: Long, Flexible, Lateral-Wall, SYNCHRONY, FSP and the SONNET/RONDO System, The Electrode Array as a Frequency Ruler, Why 22 Electrodes Behave Like 8 Channels, The Three Array Families: Lateral-Wall, Perimodiolar, Mid-Scala, Materials, Reliability and MRI, Special Arrays for the Difficult Cochlea

Crossover comparison of MED-EL fine-structure coding strategies.

Cited in: SYNCHRONY, FSP and the SONNET/RONDO System, Chasing Fine Structure: FSP, FS4 and the Temporal-Pitch Ceiling, The Present Commercial Landscape: Four Makers, Five Philosophies

FSP speech-in-noise SRT 16.2->3.0 dB over 24 months (13.2 dB gain); HDCIS control unchanged (n=32).

Cited in: Chasing Fine Structure: FSP, FS4 and the Temporal-Pitch Ceiling

Single-electrode rate DLs rise steeply above 300 pps; 18-electrode spread mode holds 6-8% to 600 pps.

Cited in: The Frontier: Deep Learning, Closed Loops and Light

First human prosthetic vestibular implantation; human EVOR data; current-spread side effects.

Feasibility/validity of remote (tele-audiology) cochlear-implant programming.

Telepractice AVT comparable to in-person on language outcomes.

CI rehabilitates end-stage Meniere hearing loss; variable vertigo effect.

Octogenarian CI outcomes and quality-of-life gains.

Government-funded full-pathway CI programme as a low-resource access model.

Vanderbilt percutaneous/MICI first clinical report: CT-planned linear trajectory through the facial recess to scala tympani via a patient-specific microstereotactic frame, drilled in a single pass.

Review framing gene therapy, hair-cell regeneration, and the cochlea as a target for biological restoration.

Used the implant array itself to deliver BDNF gene; regrew auditory neurites toward the electrodes in guinea pigs.

Spine review for why music is the implant's hardest signal; pitch and timbre fail while rhythm is largely preserved.

Documents shifts in electric pitch percepts over time in bimodal users, with incomplete adaptation in some recipients.

Crossover study of fine-structure coding strategies extending temporal fine-structure coverage on apical channels.

Meta-analysis of surgical, electrode-design and steroid factors predicting low-frequency preservation.

AAO-HNSF guideline: recommends CBT for persistent bothersome tinnitus, recommends against routine medication/supplements; sound therapy and education as options. Frames the established-care backbone.

First demonstration of an artificial vestibulo-ocular reflex from a vestibular implant in humans (University of Washington group).

Early surgical and audiologic experience with an active transcutaneous bone-conduction implant.

Surgical technique and stability of direct round-window FMT placement.

Output/dynamic-range method underlying active device fitting ranges.

Systematic review of the two principal totally implantable middle-ear devices.

Systematic synthesis of who is and is not an ABI candidate across tumour and non-tumour groups.

Multicentre NF2 outcome data quantifying that a minority reach useful sentence recognition.

Longitudinal development of perception in implanted children.

Native ASL signers with implants reached age-appropriate spoken-language levels.

Empirical evidence that the supposed hurtful message is heard inconsistently.

Shows monaural and binaural beamformers improve speech reception in spatially distributed noise.

Shows adaptive SRT-in-noise better defines CI users' real noise tolerance than fixed-SNR tests.

The standard textbook on CI objective measures; the spine of this atlas.

Cited in: ASSR, ECochG & cortical responses, Overview & rationale, Impedance & electrode interface, ECAP / Neural Response Telemetry, ECAP threshold & functions, Electrically-evoked ABR, Electrical cortical responses, Objective measures → the MAP, Manufacturer systems compared

Meet vs overlap acoustic–electric frequency allocation; 'meet' generally preferred.

Cited in: Intraoperative ECochG

CT scalar location: perimodiolar/full scala-tympani placement predicts better word recognition.

Cited in: Predicting the outcome, Troubleshooting & special cases

Standard psychoacoustics text — loudness, pitch, masking, and auditory perception.

Cited in: Coding of intensity & loudness, Coding of frequency & pitch

Comprehensive retrospective on the development of the cochlear implant from Volta through the multichannel era — a primary source for this chapter.

Cited in: Overview — a 200-year idea, Volta & the first electrical hearing, Djourno & Eyriès — the 1957 first, William House & the single-channel implant, Graeme Clark & the Nucleus implant, The European devices — Chouard & MED-EL, From milestone to mainstream, The Wider World: Other Manufacturers and the Pioneers' Electrodes

Documents the French Neurelec line (Digisonic; first fully digital CI, 1992), its 2013 acquisition by Demant into Oticon Medical, and the lineage later absorbed by Cochlear in 2024.

Cited in: The implant goes global

Identifies the strongest pre-operative predictors of cochlear-implant speech outcome, including duration of deafness — the basis for outcome counselling.

Cited in: Predicting the outcome, Troubleshooting & special cases

Large multicentre analysis confirming duration of deafness, age and aetiology as the dominant predictors of adult cochlear-implant speech outcome.

Cited in: Predicting the outcome

Multicentre hearing-preservation outcomes with the Hybrid L24 electrode.

Cited in: Electric-Acoustic Stimulation and Hearing Preservation

Current steering + partial tripolar focusing.

Cited in: Virtual Channels: Current Steering and Current Focusing, The Frontier: Deep Learning, Closed Loops and Light

FSP vs HDCIS on telephone (n=25): landline +10.0 pp, with-noise +11.5 pp; 84% preferred FSP.

N=153 children; SCC dysfunction ~50% (35% bilateral areflexia); etiologic patterns.

Cited in: Who Already Has Vestibular Loss: Etiology and Baseline, The Child's Balance and Motor Development

Congenital SNHL: SCC dysfunction 41%, otolith 42%.

Cited in: Who Already Has Vestibular Loss: Etiology and Baseline

~50% of hearing-loss clinic patients fell in prior 12 months vs 25% general population.

Cited in: Falls and the Older Recipient

PMID confirmed and points at this exact title, but candidate metadata was wrong: real authors are Seyyedi et al. (NOT Dhanasingh & Jolly), year 2013 (NOT 2014), journal Audiology & Neuro-Otology / Karger vol 18(4) (NOT Otology & Neurotology vol 35). Corrected.

Hearing loss linked to accelerated cognitive decline.

12-item clinically practical SSQ; tracks change including bilateral/asymmetry effects.

Dipole moments became abnormally high in cortex contralateral to first implant once unilateral CI use exceeded ~1.5 years; aural-preference / sensitive-period evidence.

Comprehensive review of bimodal psychophysics, fitting and signal processing; loudness balance, frequency/timing mismatch, binaural cue access with CI+HA. Anchors modules 14 and 15.

Revision/reimplantation series; soft failures present earlier but reach revision later, and may have poorer immediate auditory recovery.

Narrow BCNC (<1.5 mm) common in CND even with a normal-appearing cochlea.

JNK signalling cascade after electrode-insertion trauma and pharmacological rescue; supports otoprotective drug strategies.

Consensus HEARRING classification of hearing preservation (complete / partial / minimal / loss) by pre- vs post-op residual hearing.

15 mm/min vs 60 mm/min insertion; slower speed improves hearing/vestibular preservation.

Preserved acoustic hearing gives a measurable speech-in-noise advantage (~2 dB SNR / 6-12%) over electric-only listening.

Long-term durability of round-window coupling when no usable chain remains.

Benchmarks window-coupled gain against conventional aids in mixed/conductive loss.

Directly shows how AGC structure and release time shape intelligibility.

Documents the limited fine-structure access of implant users and its perceptual consequences.

Supports the sensitive-period rationale central to the case for acting early.

Everyday-life evaluation supporting comfort and acceptance over raw score gains in children.

Shows adaptive digital RM outperforms fixed-gain and adaptive analogue FM, with the gap widening in louder noise.

Compares personal FM system types and processor input processing for CI users in noise.

CI-specific evidence that a neck-loop coupled via the telecoil improves speech recognition in noise.

Compares telecoil (electromagnetic) versus direct (electrical) coupling, informing telecoil-versus-wireless choices.

Programming review including a troubleshooting section.

Cited in: Objective measures → the MAP

Stimulation-rate effects on performance — basis for adjusting rate when troubleshooting.

Cited in: Objective measures → the MAP

Standard reference text for auditory physiology.

Cited in: Overview — the hearing pathway, Sound & acoustics, Outer & middle ear, Cochlear mechanics & tonotopy, Organ of Corti & hair cells, Mechanoelectrical transduction, The cochlear amplifier, Otoacoustic emissions, The auditory nerve, Coding of intensity & loudness, Coding of frequency & pitch, Central auditory pathways, Binaural hearing & localization

~31 million chronic suppurative otitis media episodes/year; ~21,000 deaths; the burden falls heavily on South Asia, including India.

Cited in: Overview — counting hearing loss, Causes & risk factors in India, Chronic ear disease & preventable loss, Congenital & childhood hearing loss

Synthesis of the developmental sensitive period for central auditory maturation after cochlear implantation, including the decoupling of cortical layers when input arrives too late.

Cited in: Overview — the plastic brain, Cross-modal plasticity, The sensitive period for hearing, The implant as environmental input, Age at implantation & outcomes, The paradox of plasticity

The central thesis: mutations in genes expressed in the membranous labyrinth implant well; those expressed in the spiral ganglion may perform poorly, because they damage the implant's neural target.

Cited in: Overview — genes, deafness & the implant, GJB2 & the connexins, The deafness-gene landscape, The spiral-ganglion hypothesis, Genotype-specific CI outcomes, Auditory neuropathy & OTOF, Counselling, recurrence & ethics, Predicting the outcome

The validated recorded-sentence test now widely used in cochlear-implant candidacy and outcome assessment.

Cited in: The audiological battery

Reference text on implant hardware and electrode design — platinum-iridium contacts, silicone carrier, array geometry.

Cited in: Advanced Bionics: 16 Current Sources and Current Steering, The MED-EL Philosophy: Long, Flexible, Lateral-Wall, Why 22 Electrodes Behave Like 8 Channels, The Three Array Families: Lateral-Wall, Perimodiolar, Mid-Scala, Materials, Reliability and MRI, Special Arrays for the Difficult Cochlea, Falls and the Older Recipient

FSP/FS4 clinical trial (MED-EL).

Cited in: Chasing Fine Structure: FSP, FS4 and the Temporal-Pitch Ceiling

Stimulation-mode spatial selectivity (mono/bipolar/tripolar).

Cited in: Virtual Channels: Current Steering and Current Focusing

Closed-loop CI concept.

Cited in: The Frontier: Deep Learning, Closed Loops and Light

UW/Nucleus device; 150-um electrodes; hearing preserved in 5/8 monkeys.

Cited in: Atraumatic Surgery: Preserving Hearing and Balance Together, The Vestibular and Cochleovestibular Implant Frontier

Tullio phenomenon / sound-induced vertigo post-CI.

Cited in: The Dizzy Patient After Implantation

Supports MRI as a sufficient first-line modality with CT reserved for selected cases.

Real-time intraoperative ECoG feedback improved hearing-preservation rates.

2,251-patient model; ~22% of variance explained; HA use during profound period as a factor.

Sensitive period, cortical decoupling and cross-modal reorganisation after implantation.

Outcomes and predictors in late-implanted prelingual adolescents.

Bilateral implantation an independent predictor of better receptive and expressive language; supports early bilateral access.

Proof-of-concept energy harvesting from the endocochlear potential in guinea pig; >=1.12 nW extracted for up to 5 h powering a wireless EP-monitoring transmitter. Preclinical, far below CI power needs - aspirational only.

Systematic review of 311 patients across 22 studies; outcomes stratified by anatomical severity; common cavity and severe dysplasias have poorer but real benefit.

Complementary CT (bony labyrinth, modiolus, VA, BCNC, facial canal) and MRI (membranous labyrinth fluid, parasagittal-oblique cochlear-nerve visualisation in the IAC) for the CI work-up. Source for the structured imaging checklist.

Review establishing appraisal/enjoyment as a valid outcome distinct from perceptual accuracy; training and environmental control improve enjoyment.

Preoperative intratympanic glucocorticoids improve/stabilise hearing preservation in round-window CI.

Maastricht stepped-care CBT trial; specialised CBT-based care superior to usual care for tinnitus-related quality of life and distress. Anchors the CBT/TRT recommendation.

Clinical use of the dedicated round-window coupler and its placement.

Directly ties channel interaction to the breakdown of melodic pitch perception.

Describes management of non-auditory percepts within the ABI fitting workflow.

Surgical experience and outcome review of ABI in NF2, including placement challenges.

Frames withholding sign as a harm and grounds the critical-period rationale.

Native-signing deaf-of-deaf children showed implant outcomes at least comparable to deaf-of-hearing peers.

Quantifies spatial channel interaction relevant to spread of excitation.

Cited in: ECAP threshold & functions

Measuring T-levels (not defaulting to 10% of M) improves low-level audibility.

Cited in: Objective measures → the MAP, Troubleshooting & special cases

Review of next-generation sequencing as applied to hereditary hearing loss.

Cited in: The deafness-gene landscape, Testing — from Sanger to next-generation, Gene therapy & the genomic future

Baltimore Longitudinal Study evidence that hearing loss independently predicts incident dementia — part of the rationale for treating hearing loss, including by implantation, in older adults.

Cited in: Cognition, dementia & the elderly

Greater hearing loss is associated with poorer memory and executive function — supporting the cognitive case for not withholding implantation from older candidates.

Cited in: Cognition, dementia & the elderly

Foundational single-sided-deafness evidence: the implant beats CROS and Baha for speech in noise and localisation, and suppresses ipsilateral tinnitus.

Cited in: The expanding indications

FSP vs CIS (MED-EL fine structure).

FS vs CIS-envelope (no significant difference found).

Cited in: Chasing Fine Structure: FSP, FS4 and the Temporal-Pitch Ceiling

7 AB CII users; only significant rate effect = vowels in quiet (+5.23 pp from 600 to 4800 ppse).

CIS vs FSP at identical frequency spectrum (n=31); no significant difference; benefit attributed to extended low frequencies.

Cited in: Chasing Fine Structure: FSP, FS4 and the Temporal-Pitch Ceiling

No overall strategy effect on speech (small HiRes edge for consonants); only 3/10 improved any spectral cue with F120.

Cited in: The Present Commercial Landscape: Four Makers, Five Philosophies

RCT - round-window steroid reduces post-op dizziness.

Cited in: Atraumatic Surgery: Preserving Hearing and Balance Together

MVP2 device restoring SCC sensation in rhesus monkey.

Cited in: The Vestibular and Cochleovestibular Implant Frontier

Combined vestibulocochlear implant concept.

Cited in: The Vestibular and Cochleovestibular Implant Frontier

Four human subjects with vestibular implant showing EVORs/adaptation.

Cited in: The Vestibular and Cochleovestibular Implant Frontier

Candidate journal was wrong: 'Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 16(3):326-345' is incorrect; verified record is J Am Acad Audiol 22(10):644-653.

DOI confirmed via Crossref/EuropePMC. Candidate PMID 21909844 was WRONG (points to Stewart et al., abdominoperineal resection); correct PMID is 22101809.

Feasibility and success of round-window insertion across array types.

Literacy and reading achievement in long-term paediatric CI users.

Untreated hearing loss associated with increased incident dementia risk.

29 children; bilateral advantage emerges after sequential implantation and grows with bilateral experience.

Bimodal users matched or modestly exceeded bilateral users on competing-talker speech, music, prosody and talker ID (differences nonsignificant).

Outcomes in IEM/CND children; variable CI benefit with hypoplasia, poor with aplasia, supports ABI consideration.

CHD7 mutations in CHARGE with semicircular-canal aplasia and cochleovestibular nerve deficiency; CI outcomes depend on nerve calibre and absence of severe cognitive impairment, ABI when CI fails. Source for CHARGE genotype-outcome link.

MuSIC test battery; used alongside the Munich Music Questionnaire to assess perception and appraisal in CI users.

Pivotal trial of the piezoelectric fully implantable Esteem driving the ossicular chain.

Connects lost fine structure to the specific failure of musical timbre perception.

Connects temporal modulation sensitivity to speech recognition, anchoring the temporal toolbox.

Ankara consensus defining paediatric/non-tumour candidacy and age window.

Explains the wind-noise scene and why processors include dedicated wind handling.

Profile-based use of ECAP thresholds for MAP estimation.

Cited in: Overview & rationale, ECAP threshold & functions, Objective measures → the MAP

Reliable scalp-recorded eASSR separable from CI artifact — a route to objective, frequency-specific thresholds.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Present vs absent ECAP/NRT predicts open-set speech in ANSD children.

Cited in: Troubleshooting & special cases

Molecular inner-ear physiology: transduction apparatus, prestin, stria vascularis, K⁺ recycling, and deafness genetics.

Cited in: Organ of Corti & hair cells, Mechanoelectrical transduction, The cochlear amplifier, The auditory nerve

Authoritative review of deafness, plasticity, the sensitive period, and implantation.

Cited in: Overview — the plastic brain, Critical & sensitive periods, Lessons from the visual system, Competition & the pluripotent cortex, The deaf brain — auditory deprivation, Cross-modal plasticity, The sensitive period for hearing, Age at implantation & outcomes, Adult plasticity & rehabilitation, Binaural plasticity & bilateral CIs, The paradox of plasticity

CDaCI cohort: younger age at implantation predicts faster spoken-language growth.

Cited in: Age at implantation & outcomes, Paediatric candidacy

Excitatory–inhibitory balance in auditory cortex emerges experience-dependently over the first postnatal month — a cellular instance of activity shaping cortical structure.

Cited in: Critical & sensitive periods

Targeted genomic enrichment + massively parallel sequencing (OtoSCOPE) makes it feasible to screen all known deafness genes simultaneously.

Cited in: Testing — from Sanger to next-generation

The standard reference on otopathology — the temporal-bone basis for the causes of sensorineural hearing loss and what each leaves in the cochlea and nerve.

Cited in: Overview — why the cause matters, Ménière's & cochlear otosclerosis, What the temporal bone reveals

Focused (tripolar) stimulation as a tool to sharpen the current field and probe channels with poor electrode–neuron interfaces — the rationale for current focusing.

Cited in: Current focusing & virtual channels

Octogenarians and nonagenarians achieve speech outcomes close to younger recipients and tolerate surgery well — evidence that age alone is not a contraindication.

Cited in: Cognition, dementia & the elderly

Filter-bank work (filter count vs channels).

Cited in: The Lineage at a Glance: Why Coding Strategies Keep Changing, One Electrode, One Sound: The Single-Channel Era

F0 and intelligibility in noise (voicing).

Cited in: Tracking the Voice: F0/F2 Formant Extraction

Spectral ripple better with F120 (3.42 vs 2.31 RPO) but Schroeder-phase temporal cue worse (all 9 at chance vs 5/9).

Cited in: The Present Commercial Landscape: Four Makers, Five Philosophies

Candidate PMID 20660551 was WRONG (points to an unrelated iron-deficiency-anemia study). Correct PMID is 20660544; named authors Rubin LG, Papsin B. Title/journal/volume/issue/pages confirmed.

Comprehensive otologic surgery and temporal-bone anatomy reference.

Pull-back (pull-through) perimodiolar array technique and outcomes.

Intelligibility by age-at-implant band (~93% vs ~80%).

Home computer-based training for adult CI users.

Classroom acoustic targets (~35 dBA background noise, ~0.6 s reverberation).

Bilateral group outperforms matched unilateral users on speech-in-noise and localization.

Toronto group; simultaneous vs sequential cortical maturation; longer interimplant delay leaves the late ear with abnormal cortical responses.

505 implantations; major complication rate 1.8%, overall complication rate 29.1% (minor dominate). Argues for a shared reporting taxonomy.

Consensus group (formed 2005) standardising device-failure definitions, survival time, and cumulative survival (CSP) reporting by manufacturers.

76% of revision cases presented with aversive symptoms or performance decline while the device maintained lock (suspected soft failure).

Uses focused (partial tripolar) thresholds and psychophysical tuning curves to detect channels with a degraded electrode-neuron interface. Central evidence that the interface, not channel count, limits performance (modules 5 and 6).

Early demonstration of clinician-led remote programming over a network connection.

Comprehensive review; inner ear malformations ~20% of congenital SNHL; surgical pitfalls of gusher and aberrant facial nerve; subclassification of incomplete partition and cochlear hypoplasia.

Local and remote otoprotection from round-window dexamethasone.

Review of the Johns Hopkins MVP: gyroscopes, microprocessor, multichannel canal electrodes, current steering.

Clinical results of the fully implantable electromagnetic Carina driving the incus.

Stimulus and carrier parameters modulate envelope-processing sensitivity.

Stimulation patterns aimed at extending or shaping temporal pitch beyond single-channel limits.

Demonstrates that the same psychophysical battery predicts music as well as speech outcomes.

Quantifies non-auditory side-effects and notes that many diminish over time.

Sociological history of how the CI became a flashpoint between medicine and the Deaf world.

Argues early accessible language is a developmental necessity, not a cultural option.

Examines the cultural-bloodline argument for selecting for deafness and the cases behind it.

Bioethical analysis distinguishing the adult/self-determination case from the paediatric controversy.

Authoritative legal basis requiring ALS in assembly areas with a PA system.

Dual-electrode excitation patterns and channel interaction.

Cited in: ECAP threshold & functions

Ch. 1 (May & Niparko) covers normal auditory physiology and perception.

Cited in: Overview — the hearing pathway, Sound & acoustics, Outer & middle ear, Cochlear mechanics & tonotopy, Organ of Corti & hair cells, Mechanoelectrical transduction, The cochlear amplifier, Otoacoustic emissions, The auditory nerve, Coding of intensity & loudness, Coding of frequency & pitch, Central auditory pathways, Binaural hearing & localization, Binaural plasticity & bilateral CIs

Foundational review tying developmental plasticity and the environment to hearing and deafness.

Cited in: Overview — the plastic brain, Critical & sensitive periods, Lessons from the visual system, Competition & the pluripotent cortex, The deaf brain — auditory deprivation, The implant as environmental input, Age at implantation & outcomes, Adult plasticity & rehabilitation, Binaural plasticity & bilateral CIs, The paradox of plasticity

Landmark demonstration of cochlear synaptopathy — noise can permanently destroy auditory-nerve synapses even when thresholds recover, the 'hidden' neural cost of noise.

Cited in: Noise-induced hearing loss

Comprehensive reference text; the chapter on assessment of candidacy frames implantation as a multidisciplinary decision that the implant will outperform the best hearing aids.

Cited in: Speech audiometry & rollover, Paediatric speech perception, Overview — will the implant beat the aid?, Predicting the outcome, Medical & otologic assessment, Vestibular assessment, Paediatric candidacy, The team decision, Anatomy of a Cochlear Implant System, From Sound to Nerve: The End-to-End Signal Path, Special Arrays for the Difficult Cochlea

Anaesthetic risk in elderly implant candidates tracks ASA physical-status class and comorbidity, not chronological age — fitness, not birth date, governs surgical candidacy.

Cited in: Cognition, dementia & the elderly

4-of-8 n-of-m example (grey source).

Current-steering / F120 spectral peak locator description.

Cited in: Virtual Channels: Current Steering and Current Focusing

Within-subjects (n=8): CNC 57->63% (p=.023), HINT noise 61->69% (p=.043), BKB-SIN 10.2->9.2 dB (p=.037); HINT-quiet NS; 7/8 preferred HiRes 120.

Cited in: The Present Commercial Landscape: Four Makers, Five Philosophies

Quadrupolar (focused, sigma=0.75) virtual channels improve cumulative d' by 2.04 over monopolar (n=7).

224 children pre/post CI; 27% acute symptoms in 89-child series.

Insertion-trauma pressure/contact points along the cochlear spiral (basal turn).

Cited in: How Implant Surgery Injures the Labyrinth

Genuine book chapter verified via the Johns Hopkins Pure research record: Donnelly PJ & Limb CJ, 'Music perception in cochlear implant users,' in Niparko (ed.) Cochlear Implants: Principles and Practices, pp. 223-228 (Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). 2nd ed. ISBN 9780781777490. Pure lists a 2012 electronic date; book edition year is 2009.

Verified as a genuine textbook: 'Cochlear Implants: Principles and Practices', 2nd ed., John K. Niparko (ed.), Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7817-7749-0 confirmed via multiple booksellers/Ovid. The cited Lin/Niparko/Francis chapter on QoL/cost-utility is consistent with this volume; chapter-level page numbers and the $12,847/QALY ICER figure could not be independently confirmed but the parent textbook and ISBN are real.

Genuine chapter within the real textbook Cochlear Implants: Principles and Practices, 2nd ed (Niparko, Kirk, Robbins, Mellon, Rucci, eds.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009), ISBN-13 9780781777490 confirmed via multiple booksellers. Chapter-level metadata accepted on the verified textbook ISBN.

Genuine chapter within the real textbook Cochlear Implants: Principles and Practices, 2nd ed (Niparko et al., 2009), ISBN-13 9780781777490 confirmed. Chapter-level metadata accepted on the verified textbook ISBN.

Confirmed real NICE guidance: TA166, published Jan 2009, 'Cochlear implants for children and adults with severe to profound deafness'; later updated/replaced by TA566 (7 March 2019). Candidate's title wording lightly corrected to the official short title; stable identifier is the TA number/URL.

Chapter in the genuine Niparko (ed.) 2nd-edition textbook (2009, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). Confirmed the host book's real ISBN is 978-0-7817-7749-0 (9780781777490). Candidate ISBN 978-0-7817-7246-1 was WRONG (corrected to the verified 2nd-ed ISBN).

Adults over first 6 months bilateral; RMS localization error roughly halves from unilateral to bilateral; localization and spatial speech benefit emerge with experience.

NIHR HTA systematic review + economic model; unilateral CI cost-effective, second-side adds smaller incremental benefit at higher incremental cost (less favourable ICER, more favourable in children). Anchors module 15.

Catalogues hard and soft device failures and their presenting features in a large revision series.

Review of MCI; current steering/virtual channels and training effects on melodic perception.

Children deafened in infancy generally enjoy music, recognise familiar songs and TV themes, and show early preference for singing despite degraded pitch transmission.

Short-electrode hybrid EAS: hearing preservation in 85/87 at activation, 91% retained some hearing over 3 mo-5 yr; combined EAS improved speech understanding. Case for preserving low-frequency hearing.

Demonstrates the FMT can drive the round window, broadening the device's indications.

Links spectral-modulation detection to speech identification, complementing the ripple measure.

Defines the malformation and nerve-aplasia paediatric indications for ABI.

Long-term NF2 follow-up showing continued use and gradual gains, informing realistic goals.

Demonstrates how array position shifts measured eABR, underpinning intraoperative steering.

Links usable-channel limits and side-effect burden to the range of ABI outcomes.

Comprehensive review of AMI rationale, device, and clinical results.

Reminds clinicians that psychosocial outcomes, not just speech scores, define doing well.

Empirical survey of CODA attitudes to selecting for or against deafness.

Channel interaction by ECAP and behavioural masking vs speech outcomes.

Cited in: ECAP threshold & functions

Landmark review of coding strategies and signal-processing parameters.

Cited in: Overview — recreating hearing, The future of sound coding, Stimulation Modes: From Monopolar to Tripolar, The Cochlear Implant of the Future and Choosing a Device, The Lineage at a Glance: Why Coding Strategies Keep Changing, Objective measures → the MAP

EAS processor/hearing-aid settings and the acoustic–electric overlap question.

Cited in: Intraoperative ECochG

Review of how deafness and cochlear-implant stimulation reshape the central auditory pathway, linking the morphological changes to functional plasticity.

Cited in: Up the brainstem & midbrain, The deprived auditory cortex, What stimulation restores — and its limits

Comprehensive engineering review of cochlear-implant systems — front-end processing, coding strategies, the electrode–neuron interface, and evaluation.

Cited in: Front-end pre-processing, The future of sound coding, Anatomy of a Cochlear Implant System, From Sound to Nerve: The End-to-End Signal Path, The Transcutaneous Link and Telemetry, The Nucleus Family Tree: From CI22 to CI600, Why 22 Electrodes Behave Like 8 Channels, The Three Array Families: Lateral-Wall, Perimodiolar, Mid-Scala, Stimulation Modes: From Monopolar to Tripolar, Dynamic Range and Electrode-to-Neuron Distance, The Lineage at a Glance: Why Coding Strategies Keep Changing, One Electrode, One Sound: The Single-Channel Era, Compressed Analog: The First Multichannel Waveform Strategy, Chasing Fine Structure: FSP, FS4 and the Temporal-Pitch Ceiling, The Frontier: Deep Learning, Closed Loops and Light

Showed that HINT sentences ceiling in many candidates (falsely disqualifying genuinely disabled aid users) while AzBio does not — the evidence behind moving the candidacy battery to harder materials.

Cited in: Speech-in-noise & valid testing, The audiological battery, Speech-in-noise & valid testing

Examines the benefit of implanting in the first year of life and the developmental case for lowering the age floor — central to paediatric candidacy timing.

Cited in: Paediatric candidacy

Cited for MPEAK high-frequency extraction (grey source).

Cited in: Adding F1: The F0/F1/F2 Processor, Multipeak (MPEAK): Formants Plus High-Frequency Bands

FSP vs CIS at 12/8/5/3/2 channels (n=10); no significant difference at any channel count.

Round-window approach reduced subjective dizziness vs cochleostomy.

Cited in: Atraumatic Surgery: Preserving Hearing and Balance Together

Author list corrected to full author list per EuropePMC (candidate used 'et al.').

Computer-based auditory training improves CI speech and music perception.

Period of unilateral CI use before second implant disrupts brainstem timing (EABR latency) cues underlying binaural processing.

Compared envelope (CIS/ACE-type) vs fine-timing coding strategies for binaural unmasking and localization in bilateral CI users. Anchors module 13 (TFS discarded by envelope coding).

500 consecutive implants over up to 18 years; quantifies surgical complications and device failures; major surgical complications in the low single-digit percent range.

Reviews CI-associated pneumococcal meningitis risk and the rationale and limits of pneumococcal vaccination as prophylaxis.

Showed scalar location (ST vs SV) and insertion depth account for a large fraction of outcome variance; SV translocation predicts poorer CNC word scores.

Silicon/parylene thin-film MEMS array with up to 32 sites on 250 um centres plus integrated strain gauges for real-time insertion-position sensing. Canonical micro-fabricated next-gen array reference for module 5.

Compares intraneural stimulation sites along the auditory nerve, supporting many more independent channels by placing contacts inside the nerve (module 6).

First-in-human TIKI totally implantable CI research device (3 adults, implanted from 2005, Melbourne); package-mounted internal microphone, Li-ion rechargeable battery, invisible-hearing vs external-hearing modes.

Links music-perception deficits to underlying spectral and temporal resolution limits of electric hearing.

CI vs HA users with similar hearing loss: HA better for pitch, melody and instrument tests; comparable for rhythm. Confirms rhythm rides on a preserved channel.

Original development of the University of Washington Clinical Assessment of Music Perception (CAMP) battery: pitch-direction discrimination, melody identification, timbre identification.

Applied MBEA to CI users; pitch-based subtests near chance, rhythm relatively spared.

Iowa Musical Background Questionnaire; perception and appraisal can diverge; 209 adult CI users.

Hybrid CI users; over time pitch sensations may be determined more by the implant map than by cochlear place, demonstrating central adaptation to frequency-place mismatch.

Preoperative round-window dexamethasone protects residual hearing, especially in difficult insertions.

Landmark series implanting single-sided-deaf patients for intractable tinnitus; tinnitus loudness and distress fell markedly with the device on.

Saccular (cVEMP) function impaired in the majority of ears after CI; electrically elicited VEMP via the implant electrode. Used for otolith/cVEMP vulnerability.

Maps how perceptual limits shape coding strategies and programming.

Shows electrode-to-electrode variability in temporal modulation sensitivity.

Behavioural and physiological evidence on the limits and variability of temporal pitch.

Core method paper for measuring channel interaction via forward-masked spatial tuning curves.

Head-to-head clinical comparison of monopolar, tripolar and virtual-channel configurations.

Shows modulation processing relates to speech outcomes across electrodes and listeners.

Reviews the spectrum of non-auditory sensations and strategies to suppress them.

Penetrating ABI results: physical goals met but speech not improved.

Automated ECAP threshold measurement (AutoNRT).

Cited in: ECAP / Neural Response Telemetry, Manufacturer systems compared, Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Landmark description of the AutoNRT expert-system/decision-tree algorithm — early machine intelligence in objective measures.

Cited in: Future directions, AI & emerging tech

Wide rate range tested; most recipients preferred rates below ~1200 pps.

Cited in: Manufacturer systems compared

Transtympanic round-window e-ECochG/EABR for ANSD site of lesion and CI prognosis.

Cited in: The expanding indications, Electrically-evoked ABR, Troubleshooting & special cases